Claw Digital saved me from a scam - My review

Thanks Mr.Timothy for the Review :)  Our pleasure to keep you happy :

Mr.Timothy's review :
"
Hey guys ,

Finally my dream project is kicking off as per my expectations :) :)

Like all ma friends I entered into the dream of making money online ( though I dont have much of a online knowledge ) . Had this facinating idea which I think can change the world for ever [ Ok Am not trying to sound like Steve Jobs ;) ]

But my worst Nightmare came when the company [ Reevasjupe technologies ] screwed up my project . The deliverables they promised was not in time and they demanded extra money for every small thing . I was totally tired of this scam and couldnt bear the RIP OFF by Reevasjupe technogies .

Then one fine day I called it off and got a reference to this company called CLAW DIGITAL ( I shlould have started with these guys from the starting ) . They really helped me out in every requirement and gave innovative ideas on top of my ideas . There costing was nearly only half the costing of the other companies and I Am getting kick ass deliverbales regularly !! Am a happy man now :)  [ Thanks to the cool guys inside Claw Digital ] . Now Am in the verges of closing a small fund with the Nice prototype these guys have done for me !! These amazing guys will be my prefrence in all future modules as I get more funding .

And folks watch out soon for my Project to hit the market ! you'll LOVE IT !  :)  "

by Anand · 0

Ovarian Cancer


Ovarian Cancer
Ovarian cancer
Ovarian cancer is a disease produced by the rapid growth and division of cells within one or both ovaries-reproductive glands in which the ova, or eggs, and the female sex hormones are made. The ovaries contain cells that, under normal circumstances, reproduce to maintain tissue health. When growth control is lost and cells divide too much and too fast, a cellular mass or tumor is formed. If the tumor is confined to a few cell layers, for example, surface cells, and it does not invade surrounding tissues or organs, it is considered benign. If the tumor spreads to surrounding tissues or organs, it is considered malignant, or cancerous. When cancerous cells break away from the original tumor, travel through the blood or lymphatic vessels, and grow within other parts of the body, the process is known as metastasis. 

Types of Ovarian cancer

There are 4 main types of ovarian cancer they are the following;
Ovarian cancer Cells
Epithelial ovarian tumors: These are derived from cells formed on the surface tissues of the ovary which is the most common type of ovarian cancer that occurs in adults.

Germ Cell: Ovarian tumors are formed in the egg producing cells within the body of the ovary. This occurs primarily in children and teens and is rare by comparison to epithelial ovarian tumors. It is also called dysgerminoma.

Sex cord stromal: These ovarian tumors are also rare in comparison to epithelial tumors and this class of tumors often produces steroid hormones.

Low malignant potential ovarian cancer: Precancerous cells are formed in the tissue covering the ovary which seldom spreads beyond the ovary. 

Signs of ovarian cancer
Ovarian cancer Signs

Ovarian cancer has been called the "silent killer" because symptoms often become apparent only when the cancer has spread and is harder to treat. Early stage ovarian cancer may not cause many symptoms, or they may be vague and overlooked. Symptoms in your pelvis may be due to an enlarging ovary putting pressure on your bladder or bowel. Trouble is, these symptoms are relatively common and associated with a number of different health problems, from irritable bowel syndrome to urinary tract infections. They are more likely to be due to other, less serious problems. But if you have these symptoms almost daily for more than a few weeks, report them to your health care professional right away.
  • ·         Abdominal Swelling/Bloating/Clothes Too Tight
  • ·         Abdominal/Pelvic Pain or Pressure or Feeling "Full"
  • ·         Gastrointestinal Symptoms (such as gas, indigestion,  nausea, or changes in bowel movements)
  • ·         Vaginal Bleeding or Discharge
  • ·         Changes in bowel habits such as constipation
  • ·         Urinary Problems - Urgency, Burning, or Spasms
  • ·         Fatigue and/or Fever
  • ·         Pain During Intercourse
  • ·         Loss of appetite
  • ·         Back Pain
  • ·         Difficulty Breathing
Ovarian cancer causes

Though we may not know exactly the ovarian cancer causes, we may arrive at certain predictable factors;
  • ·         Family history of ovarian cancer, breast cancer and colon cancer
  • ·         If the women is post-menopausal
  • ·         Alcohol consumption
  • ·         Having endometriosis or ovarian cysts
  • ·         Suffer from obesity
  • ·         Haven given birth
  • ·         smoking
  • ·         Has undergone estrogen replacement therapy
  • ·         Male hormones such as androgens can cause ovarian cancer
  • ·         Inheriting faulty genes such as BRCA1 and BRCA2
Ovarian cancer risk factors

Some of the risk factors for the most common type of ovarian cancer are listed below;

Age: Most ovarian cancers happen after change of life (menopause). Half of all these cancers are found in women over the age of 65.

Obesity: Very overweight women seem to have a higher risk of getting ovarian cancer. The risk went up by 50% in the heaviest women.

Having children: Women having children has very low risk of having ovarian cancer. 

Higher number of lifetime ovulations: There is a link between total number of ovulations during a woman’s life and ovarian cancer, the influential factors include;
  • ·         Had never been pregnant
  • ·         Never had taken contraceptive pills
  • ·         Early start of menstruation
  • ·         Late start of menopause
Female surgery: Having your "tubes tied" (tubal ligation) may reduce the chance of getting ovarian cancer. Removal of the uterus without removing the ovaries (a hysterectomy) also seems to reduce the risk of getting ovarian cancer.

Fertility drugs: Some studies have found that use of the fertility drug clomiphene citrate for longer than one year, especially if no pregnancy took place, may increase the risk of LMP tumors. But not having children also increases the risk, even without the use of fertility drugs. Research in this area is now going on. If you are taking this drug, you should talk to your doctor about the possible risks.

Male hormones: Androgens are male hormones and women who took androgens were found to have a higher risk of ovarian cancer. 

Estrogen therapy and hormone therapy: Some recent studies suggest women using estrogens after menopause have an increased risk of ovarian cancer. The risk seems to be higher in women taking estrogen alone (without progesterone) for many years (at least 5 or 10). The increased risk is less certain for women taking both estrogen and progesterone.

Family history of ovarian cancer, breast cancer, or colorectal cancer: Ovarian cancer can run in families and have higher risk if your mother, sister, or daughter has (or had) ovarian cancer. Increased risk for ovarian cancer does not have to come from your mother's side of the family - it can also come from your father's side.

Genetic changes and syndromes: Certain inherited gene changes (mutations) can increase the risk of ovarian cancer which includes changes in the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes. The BRCA1 gene is estimated to increase ovarian cancer risk by 35% to 70% and the BRCA2 by 10% to 30%. In some cancers, gene mutations may result from radiation or cancer-causing chemicals. A syndrome is a group of signs and symptoms that together point to a certain disorder or disease. The following syndromes increase the risk of ovarian cancer:
  • ·         Cowden's disease
  • ·         Hereditary nonpolyposis colon cancer
  • ·         Peutz-Jeghers syndrome
  • ·         MUTYH-associated polyposis
Talcum powder: Some studies have shown a slight increase in risk of ovarian cancer among women who used talcum powder on the genital area. Asbestos in the powder may explain the link. But these products have been free of asbestos for more than 20 years. 

Diet: A study of women who followed a low-fat diet for at least 4 years showed a lower risk of ovarian cancer. Some studies have shown a reduced rate of ovarian cancer in women who ate a diet high in vegetables, but other studies disagree. A healthy diet can help prevent other diseases, too, including some other types of cancer.

Analgesics: Both aspirin and acetaminophen have been shown to reduce the risk of ovarian cancer. However who don’t take these medicines already should not start taking this regularly as to prevent ovarian cancer. 

Smoking and Alcohol: These increase the risk of ovarian cancer deliberately due to the presence of certain substances in them.

by Anand · 0

Treatments for lung cancer







Treatments for lung cancer

Treatments for lung cancer
Lung cancer treatments depend on the category and stage of the cancer. And the other factors that are considered while selecting a treatment are age, health condition, and additional personal characteristics. Usually a combination of therapies and palliative care is given as part of the treatment. The main lung cancer treatments are surgery, chemotherapy, and/or radiation. Now let us see the treatments for lung cancer,

Surgery

It is the removal of the entire lobe in which the tumor is located, is the primary treatment for patients with early-stage cancer who are in good general health. The goal of surgery is to totally eliminate all the tumor cells and thereby provide a cure. This is performed for NSCLC that has not spread beyond the lungs and removal does not always result in a cure, since the tumors may already have spread and can recur at a later time. Unfortunately, lung cancers tend to develop in smokers more than 50 years of age, who very often have other lung disease or serious medical conditions that magnify the risk of surgery. The location and size of a lung tumor dictate how extensive the operation must be. Open thoracotomy is one of the treatments for lung cancer or less invasive video-assisted thoracic surgery, using smaller incisions, may be recommended for appropriately selected patients. Surgery is less often performed with SCLC than with NSCLC because these tumors are less likely to be localized to one area that can be removed. 

Lobectomy is the removal of the entire lobe whereas pneumonectomy is the removal of the entire lung.  Sometimes lymph nodes of the lungs may be removed which is called as lymphadenectomy. If lung function prohibits lobectomy, a small cancer confined to a limited area can be removed with a small portion of surrounding lung tissue which is one of the treatments for lung cancer. This is called a sublobar resection, and may be either a wedge resection or a segmentectomy. There is a possible higher risk of recurrence with more limited surgery than a lobectomy. Patients lose less lung function as a smaller portion of lung is removed and carries an operative mortality risk of 1.4 percent. The risks of surgery include complications due to bleeding, infection, and complications of general anesthesia.

Radiation Therapy
Treatments for lung cancer - Radiation Therapy
It delivers high energy x-rays that destroys rapidly developing cancer cells and is the most opted treatments for lung cancer for those who don’t prefer surgery,
  • ·         As Primary treatment
  • ·         Before surgery to shrink tumor
  • ·         After surgery to eliminate remaining cancer cells in the treated area
Radiation therapy is one of the best among treatments for lung cancer that may be given as curative therapy, palliative therapy, or as adjuvant therapy in combination with surgery or chemotherapy. The patients may include the elderly, those with chronic heart failure, and those receiving a blood-thinning drug that puts them at risk of surgical bleeding. More recently, a newer technique called Stereotactic Body Radio Therapy (SBRT) which involves a multitude of small, focused radiation beams tracking the lung tumor along with its respiratory movement, in typically three to five treatments that treatment delivers very high doses of radiation therapy to the lung cancer in patients where surgery is not an option. SBRT is primarily used in the setting of early stage, localized disease. The radiation is either delivered externally through machine that directs radiation towards the cancer cells or internally through a radioactive substance. Brachytherapy is a term used to describe the use of a small pellet of radioactive material placed directly into the cancer or into the airway next to the cancer. This is usually done through a bronchoscope. 

Three-dimensional conformal radiation therapy is a fairly new technique based on a 3-D image of the tumor taken with CT scanning. This image serves as the target for a high-dose radiation beam that automatically changes its shape and size to match the tumor. This method minimizes radiation exposure of nearby normal lung tissue. A type of external radiation therapy called the "gamma knife" is sometimes used to treat single brain metastases. In this procedure, multiple beams of radiation coming from different directions are focused on the tumor over a few minutes to hours while the head is held in place by a rigid frame. This reduces the dose of radiation that is received by noncancerous tissues. 

The unpleasant side effects of this therapy include fatigue and lack of energy. In addition to it reduced WBC and low blood platelet levels can also occur. This generally irritates the skin since the radiation is passed through the skin to the lungs. This is one of the best treatments for lung cancer.

Chemotherapy
Treatments for lung cancer - Chemotherapy
This is one of the best treatments of lung cancer that involves drugs that are toxic to cancer cells which is usually given by direct injection into a vein or through a catheter placed in a large vein. Often given after surgery to sterilize microscopic disease, chemotherapy also may slow tumor growth and relieve symptoms in patients who cannot have surgery.  While a number of chemotherapeutic drugs have been developed, the class of drugs known as the platinum-based drugs has been the most effective in treatment of lung cancers. This is the best choice for most SCLC since they are generally widespread in the body when they are diagnosed. Only half of people who have SCLC survive for four months without chemotherapy. Chemotherapy alone is not particularly effective in treating NSCLC, but when NSCLC has metastasized; it can prolong survival in many cases.

Chemotherapy may cause significant side effects, such as nausea with vomiting and damage to the white blood cells that are needed to combat infection, but there now are ways to counter and treat most of these effects. Unfortunately, the drugs used in chemotherapy also kill normally dividing cells in the body, resulting in unpleasant side effects. Damage to blood cells can result in increased susceptibility to infections and difficulties with blood clotting. Other side effects include fatigue, weight loss, hair loss, diarrhea, and mouth sores. 

Treatment for Recurrent Tumors

If it occurs again after the treatments for lung cancer such as surgery, chemotherapy and radiation therapy etc., it is called as recurrent tumors. A type of chemotherapy referred to as second-line chemotherapy is used to treat recurrent cancers that have previously been treated with chemotherapy. 

Photodynamic Therapy
Treatments for lung cancer - Photodynamic Therapy
This is newer therapy among treatments for lung cancer that involves; a photosynthesizing agent (such as a porphyrin, a naturally occurring substance in the body) is injected into the bloodstream a few hours prior to surgery. This is followed by which the physician applies a certain wavelength of light through a handheld wand directly to the site of the cancer and surrounding tissues. The energy from the light activates the agent causing the production of a toxin that destroys cancer cells. Porfimer Sodium is used as a photosynthesizing agent to ease the symptoms of esophageal cancer and non-small cell lung cancer.

Radiofrequency Ablation
Treatments for lung cancer - Radiofrequency Ablation
This is one for the treatments for lung cancer which is alternative to surgery particularly in early stages of lung cancer. Here a needle is inserted through the skin into the cancer and radio frequency energy is passed to the tip of the needle where heat is produced in the tissues killing cancer cells. 

Palliative Care

When compared with patients receiving standard care, patients receiving early palliative care had less aggressive care at the end of life but longer survival. Chemotherapy can be combined with palliative care in the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer. With adequate physical fitness, maintaining chemotherapy during lung cancer palliation offers a 1.5 to 3 months prolongation of survival, symptomatic relief and an improvement in quality of life with better results. 

Lung cancer effects

The effects of lung cancer can be devastating both to the individual who has lung cancer and also to his or her family. This causes more deaths in women and men across the world than all other cancers. Lung cancer most often starts with a heavy feeling in the chest or a persistent cough that won't go away no matter what you do for it. Over time, lung cancer can spread rapidly or be a more lethargic form of cancer that grows very slowly. Though lung cancer can be cured if it’s caught early enough, any cancer that goes untreated will eventually cause death. While some patients experience little or no discomfort in the beginning, other lung cancer patients, whether suffering from mesothelioma lung cancer, small cell lung cancer or non-small cell lung cancer, may suffer horrendously due to the side effects that lung cancer can cause, as well as from the effects of the treatments. Signs and Effects of Lung Cancer are,
  • ·         Shortness of breath
  • ·         Persistent cough
  • ·         Heaviness or a dull, achy pain in the chest area
  • ·         Coughing up bloody sputum
  • ·         Wheezing or hoarseness
  • ·         Chronic pneumonia or bronchial infections
  • ·         Fatigue
  • ·         Unexplained weight loss

by Anand · 0

Lung Cancer


Lung Cancer
Lung cancer
what is lung cancer

The uncontrolled growth of normal cells in the lungs that become abnormal and grow out of control is known as Lung cancer. These changes can take place anywhere from the windpipe, down to the small air sacs in the periphery of the lungs where oxygen exchange take place. Normal lung tissue is made up of cells that are programmed by nature to create lungs of a certain shape and function, but sometimes to a cell go haywire and that cell and its offspring reproduce wildly, without regard for the shape and function of a lung. That wild reproduction can form tumors that clog up the lung and make it stop functioning as it should. Because of the large size of the lungs, cancer may grow for many years, undetected, without causing suspicion. 

Lung cancer Types
Lung cancer
Depending on the size or appearance of the cancer cells under a microscope, there are two main types of lung cancer, they are;
  • ·         Non-small cell lung cancer
  • ·         Small cell lung cancer
Small cell cancer, at 20% is a rapidly growing, rapidly spreading tumor caused primarily by smoking.  SCLC metastasizes rapidly in many sites within the body and are most often discovered after they have spread extensively. Referring to a specific cell appearance often seen when examining samples of SCLC under the microscope, these cancers are sometimes called oat cell carcinomas. There are 3 types of SCLC where the cancer cells of each type grow and spread in different ways. These types of small cell lung cancer are named for the kinds of cells found in the cancer and how the cells look when viewed under a microscope:
  • ·         Small cell carcinoma (oat cell cancer).
  • ·         Mixed small cell/large cell carcinoma.
  • ·         Combined small cell carcinoma.
Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is the most common accounting for almost 80% of cancers. NSCLC can be further divided into four different types, each with different treatment options:
  • ·         Squamous cell carcinoma or epidermoid carcinoma - As the most common type of NSCLC and the most common type of lung cancer in men, squamous cell carcinoma forms in the lining of the bronchial tubes.
  • ·         Adenocarcinoma - As the most common type of lung cancer in women and in nonsmokers, adenocarcinoma forms in the mucus-producing glands of the lungs. It also arises in the outer or peripheral areas of the lungs.
  • ·         Bronchioalveolar carcinoma - This type of lung cancer is a rare type of adenocarcinoma that forms near the lungs' air sacs. This frequently develops at multiple sites in the lungs and spreads along the preexisting alveolar walls.
  • ·         Large-cell undifferentiated carcinoma - A rapidly growing cancer, large-cell undifferentiated carcinomas form near the outer edges or surface of the lungs. This is the least common form of NSCLC responsible for about 10% of cases that is named for the appearance of large round cells when examined under the microscope. This develops in the outer regions of the lungs and tends to grow rapidly.
Diagnosis for lung cancer
Lung cancer is often diagnosed after an abnormal spot is found in the chest x-ray done to evaluate a cough or chest pain. In addition to asking about symptoms and risk factors for cancer development such as smoking, doctors may detect signs of breathing difficulties, airway obstruction, or infections in the lungs. Cyanosis, a bluish color of the skin and the mucous membranes due to insufficient oxygen in the blood, suggests compromised function due to chronic disease of the lung. Likewise, changes in the tissue of the nail beds, known as clubbing, also may indicate chronic lung disease. A complete physical examination will be done with special attention to the lungs, the lymph nodes in your neck, underarms and the abdomen. Sputum, blood, urine and other body fluids will be examined too. Blood tests may help determine whether the cancer has spread to an organ such as the liver, but such tests must be done in conjunction with other studies. The following tests are done in order to diagnose lung cancer,

Chest X-ray:
Lung cancer - X-ray
This is one of the first tests done to diagnose tumors inside lungs. The smallest tumor that can be seen on a chest X-ray is about 1/2-inch in diameter. But even if a tumor is not seen, the chest X-ray may offer other clues to the diagnosis, such as pneumonia in the lung. Other possible clues are enlarged lymph nodes (which may be filled with cancer cells), and pleural effusion, an accumulation of fluid in the space between the lung and the chest wall. In particular, calcified nodules in the lungs or benign tumors called hamartomas may be identified on a chest X-ray and mimic lung cancer.


CT Scans:
Lung cancer - CT Scan
This is frequently the second step either to follow up on an abnormal chest x-ray finding or to evaluate troublesome symptoms in those with a normal chest x-ray. It involves a series of x-rays that create a 3d view of the lungs and the images are taken by a large donut shaped x-ray machine at different angles around the body. This is more sensitive than x-rays in the detection of lung nodules that exposes the patient to minimal radiation. To allow a better picture, dye will probably be injected into a vein in your arm. Be sure to inform your doctor if you have ever had an allergy to X-ray dye or to seafood. The most common side effect is the adverse reaction to intravenous contrast material given prior to the procedure which may result in itching, rash that generally disappear quickly. 

A spiral CT scan or a low dose helical CT scan is also used for diagnosing lung cancer. This procedure requires a special type of CT scanner and has not yet been proven whether the use of this technique actually saves lives. Because of the heightened sensitivity of this method it is a drawback which requires further evaluation in 20% of people.

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI):
Lung cancer - MRI

This procedure uses magnetism and does not involve radiation which should not be done by people having metal implants and hence no side effects. The image and resolution produced by MRI is quite detailed and can detect tiny changes of structures within the body. It may also be used to evaluate blood vessel or bone involvement of a lung tumor, when this information is not clear on the CAT scan.



Sputum Cytology:
Lung cancer - Sputum Cytology

The sputum sample is examined under the microscope for the presence of cancer cells in the lungs which is a material coughed up from the respiratory tract and this can avoid the need for biopsy. This is the most risk-free and inexpensive tissue diagnostic procedure, but its value is limited since tumor cells will not always be present in sputum even if a cancer is present.

Positron Emission Tomography (PET) Scan:
Lung cancer - PET Scan


PET scan uses radioactive material to create colorful 3-dimensional images of a region of the body. This type of scan differs from the others in that it defines tumors that are actively growing. This scan measures metabolic activity and the function of tissues where the injected drug accumulates in certain tissues more than the others which discharge particles known as positrons from whatever tissues take them up. As the positrons encounter electrons within the body, a reaction producing gamma rays occurs. A scanner records these gamma rays and maps the area where the radioactive drug has accumulated. 

Bronchoscopy:
Lung cancer - Bronchoscopy

A flexible lighted tube called a fiber optic bronchoscope is used to examine the airways, to see the tumor. This is usually an outpatient procedure that is important in deciding if surgery is needed. It is direct inspection of the inside of the breathing tubes with a thin fiber-optic instrument using local anesthetic and is the best test for tumors in the main bronchi in the centre of the chest. The procedure is uncomfortable and requires sedation but relatively safe where we get accurate results. 

Bone Scans:
Lung cancer - Bone Scan

These are used to create images of bones on a computer screen or on film where it determines whether a lung cancer has metastasized to the bones. In a bone scan, a small amount of radioactive material is injected into the bloodstream and collects in the bones, especially in abnormal areas such as those involved by metastatic tumors which is detected by a scanner, and the image of the bones are recorded on a special film for permanent viewing.

Needle Biopsy:
Lung cancer - Needle Biopsy

With this procedure, a hollow needle is inserted through the chest wall, usually guided by CT visualization, to take a sample of the tumor. This can be performed for tumors that cannot be reached by bronchoscopy. Here the skin will be numbed with a local anesthetic then a needle is inserted into the area of disease in the lung through the skin between the ribs where the x-ray guidance ensures that the needle is inside the pulmonary lesion. There is a small chance that air will escape from your lung causing some degree of lung collapse called Pneumothorax. 

Thoracentesis:
Lung cancer - Thoracentesis

When lung cancer affects the periphery of the lungs, it can create a fluid buildup between the lungs and the lung lining called pleural effusion. With local anesthesia, a larger needle is inserted into the pleural space from which either a diagnostic amount of fluid or a therapeutic amount of fluid is removed. It can also provide relief of symptoms if you have a large amount of fluid that is causing shortness of breath or chest pain.

Surgical Procedures:
Lung cancer - Surgery

Surgery is performed under general anesthesia in an operating room. Some procedures are discussed below;

Thoracoscopy- It is usually used if you have a nodule at the edge of the lung and has not been diagnosed by previous biopsy. The surgeon makes three small chest incisions for inserting a scope and biopsy instruments where the nodule is removed and examined by the pathologist under the microscope. If cancer is found, the surgeon will remove the lobe with the nodule (thoracotomy), usually at the same time. For thoracoscopy alone, the hospital stay is about 2-3 days.

Thoracotomy- This may be done when the chest X-ray is suspicious for cancer, which is a way to biopsy the suspicious area. The surgeon makes an incision, several inches long, in your chest to allow removal of a tumor and the surrounding lung tissue and the tissue is examined by a pathologist. If cancer is diagnosed and is a type that can be effectively treated by surgery, the surgeon will perform the operation at that time.
Mediastinoscopy-: It is named after the mediastinum, the area of the chest behind the breast bone which is used in evaluating the lymph nodes in the center of the chest to determine if the cancer has spread.

by Anand · 0

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